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北京市广播电视局、北京市财政局关于转发广播电影电视部、财政部《关于印发〈广播电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法〉的通知》的通知

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-22 04:45:09  浏览:8714   来源:法律资料网
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北京市广播电视局、北京市财政局关于转发广播电影电视部、财政部《关于印发〈广播电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法〉的通知》的通知

北京市广电局 市财政局


北京市广播电视局、北京市财政局关于转发广播电影电视部、财政部《关于印发〈广播电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法〉的通知》的通知
北京市广电局 市财政局



市广播电视局属各单位,各区县广播电视局、财政局:
现将广播电影电视部、财政部广发计字〔1992〕73号《关于印发〈广播电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法〉的通知》转发给你们,请结合本单位实际情况贯彻执行。

附件:广播电影电视部 财政部关于印发《广播电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法》的通知(广发计字〔1992〕73号)
各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市广播电视厅(局)、财政厅(局),广播电影电视部无线电台管理局:
根据财政部、劳动人事部、国家经委《国营工业交通企业原材料、燃料节约奖试行办法》(〔86〕财工字第17号)的精神,结合广播、电视发射台的具体情况,特制定《广播、电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法》,现印发给你们,请按照执行。在执行中有何意
见,望及时告诉我们,以便进一步修改和完善。

附:广播、电视发射台修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励试行办法
大中型电子管是指功率在10千瓦(含10千瓦)以上的广播、电视发射机末级和末前级的电子管,它体积大,价值高,是广播、电视发射机的主要消耗性部件,其费用是发射机三项定额费用之一。为了进一步调动单位职工修复报废的大中型电子管的积极性,降低发射机大中型电子管
费用,提高经济效益,特制定本办法。
第一条 实行修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖励、要坚持精神鼓励为主,物质奖励为辅,兼顾国家、集体和个人三者利益的原则,使单位职工树立艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约的观念。
第二条 实行修复报废大中型电子管节约奖的条件
(一)有健全的电子管使用维护管理规程和方法,有比较完备的参数检测和试验手段以及完整的原始记录。
(二)有主管部门审核并报同级财政部门批准同意的电子管使用寿命定额。
(三)有健全的大中型电子管库存材料帐,电子管的收发、领用、报销手续严密,记录完整。
符合以上条件的广播、电视发射台,经主管部门审核并报经同级财政部门审查批准,均可试行本办法所规定的修复报废电子管节约奖。不具备上述条件的单位不实行此办法。
第三条 电子管的报废标准
电子管的使用维护管理规程应严格按照广播电影电视部颁布的《发射管使用维护管理规程》执行。索赔期内电子管依照上述《规程》的检验方法和标准进行检验,达不到标准的电子管按索赔办法处理。报废的电子管是指库存超过三年或寿命超过本办法第二条第二项核定的标准,并出现
下列情况之一的,经申请批准报废的电子管。
(一)使用寿命较长,当阴极电流达不到额定值的20%或静止阳极电流达不到额定值的30%,同时已影响到整机技术指标不合格的;
(二)使用寿命低于核定的寿命定额而出现阴极“中毒”,并影响到整机技术指标不合格的;
(三)冷态或热态时电极间碰极,经轻微振动(包括用橡皮锤敲打)或电击处理无效的;
(四)管内有余气或慢漏气,其泄漏电流大于1mA造成不能上机使用的;
(五)极间绝缘低于额定值,冷态高压实验极间电压低于额定值80%,不能上机使用,高压老练后无效的;
(六)由于负阻、跨导和其他技术参数变化原因不能上机使用的。
第四条 电子管报废的审批程序
不能上机的电子管应有严格的报废手续。电子管需要报废时,由使用部门填写《大中型电子管报废申请表》,由台领导、技术人员、计财负责人组成小组,进行技术鉴定。并将测试结果和鉴定意见填入《大中型电子管报废申请表》,经单位领导签章,报主管部门审核批准后,才能正式
报废。
主管部门的技术部门和计财部门应对下列各项进行审核:
(一)完整的电子管合格证和寿命统计卡;
(二)初始测试数据、机上运行数据;
(三)使用调配、异态记录;
(四)损坏时间、使用位置、频率及详细的损坏原因分析、损坏报告;
(五)鉴定意见及测试数据。
第五条 报废电子管的修复
只有对经批准已经报废的电子管进行修复后才能实行本办法规定的奖励。待修复的电子管,由使用部门负责提供要修复电子管的详细数据资料,具体的修复办法和预计修复费用,并提出可行性研究报告,经主管部门审核批准后进行修复。
对修复的电子管必须经上级主管部门测试鉴定,使用部门同意后,方可上机使用。修复好的电子管应达到下列标准:
(一)达到原管型(新管)的各项参数要求,满足整机使用的要求。如:阴极电流不小于额定值的70%或静止阳极电流不小于额定值的60%,同时达到整机各项电声指标;
(二)堵漏的电子管存放24小时后,泄漏电流小于100μA(微安),高压实验达到部颁和厂颁标准;
(三)处理好的碰极电子管,绝缘数值、高压实验数值均应达到部颁和厂颁标准要求;
(四)机上运行稳定可靠,不应出现异常现象。
第六条 修复报废电子管节约奖的提取办法和发放对象
(一)节约金额的计算
已修复的电子管上机运行,以零寿命开始累计使用寿命,以实际运行小时数核算节约金额:
电子管单价
节约金额=------×使用小时数-修复成本
额定寿命

电子管单价:按该管原值计算。
额定寿命:主管部门和财政部门可以广播影视部的大中型电子管平均实际使用寿命为基础,并结合本地区具体情况进行核定(见附表三,供参考)。
修复成本:修复成本一律按电子管原值的10%计算。
使用小时数:修复后上机运行小时数。
(二)奖金的提取
修复报废电子管的奖金按节约金额的15%提取。
即:节约奖金额=节约金额×15%。
(三)发放对象
修复报废电子管节约奖,只发给直接从事修复工作的人员及与修复工作有直接联系的人员(包括外请维修人员的劳务费),其发放应根据对修复报废电子管工作贡献的大小进行分配,贡献多的多奖,贡献少的少奖。
第七条 修复报废的大中型电子管节约奖的奖金在经费支出中的电子管费中单项列支
第八条 修复报废电子管奖的管理和核算
(一)发射台必须严格实行岗位责任制,加强科学管理,并认真实施修复报废电子管节约奖的各项规定。对有弄虚作假获取奖金行为的,扣回其已提取的全部奖金,并追究当事人和有关人员的经济责任和行政责任。
(二)修复报废电子管节约奖按年计算考核,季度预提(季度可按累计应提节约奖的60%预提),年终结算。
(三)发射台应于每年年终向主管部门报送《修复报废电子管提取奖金审批表》(见附表二),并随年度决算报送同级财政部门核批。
第九条 附则
(一)各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市广播电视主管部门和财政部门可根据本试行办法的规定,结合本地区、本部门的实际情况,制定实施细则或补充规定,并报广播电影电视部和财政部备案。
(二)本办法适用于各级广播电视部门所属的广播电视发射台、转播台、差转台、实验台。微波站不执行本办法。
(三)本办法由广播电影电视部和财政部负责解释。
(四)本试行办法自1992年1月1日起试行。



1992年5月20日
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国务院批转商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司意见的通知(附英文)

国务院


国务院批转商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司意见的通知(附英文)



根据中共中央、国务院《关于进一步清理整顿公司的决定》的要求,现将商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司的意见发给你们,请遵照执行。
商业部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司的意见(略)

附件:对外经济贸易部关于进一步清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司的意见
根据《中共中央、国务院关于进一步清理整顿公司的决定》,在贯彻《国务院关于清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司的通知》的基础上,现对进一步清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司(以下简称对外经贸公司)提出以下意见:
一、各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市(以下简称各地方)和中央国家机关各部门所属的各级各类对外经贸公司,都必须严格进行清理整顿。对那些不符合条件的各级各类对外经贸公司,要严格按照全国清理整顿公司领导小组《关于中央国家机关各部门所属公司撤销、合并的意见》
的规定,坚决撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。清理整顿的重点是1988年以来新成立的各级各类外贸公司;清理整顿后,个别确需保留的,要严格按照经贸部规定的设置外贸企业应具备的六项条件报经贸部重新审定。
二、有下列情况之一的,也要坚决予以撤销、合并或取消其进出口经营权:(一)不到中国银行或国家外汇管理局指定的其它银行结汇,严重逃汇的;(二)与境外商人勾结,协助其在内地直接收购出口商品或办理出口业务,协助其逃汇的;(三)在同一部门或同一地区,凡主管业务
相同或相近,重复设置的;(四)无对外经营条件或缺乏外销渠道,而主要委托其它公司出口的;(五)地方外贸公司在省(自治区、直辖市)外设立的经营进出口业务的分支机构;(六)各地方所属综合外贸公司设立的有进出口经营权的二、三级公司。
三、经严格清理整顿后,各级各类外贸公司按下列规定设置:(一)除经贸部以外,中央各部门所属外贸公司,可根据需要保留一家,个别部门确需按产品专业设置的,由经贸部另行审定,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(二)省(自治区、直辖市)属综合外贸公司只保
留一至二家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(三)已有进出口经营权的地区(含地级市,下同)只保留确实需要又具备条件的一至二家外贸公司的进出口经营权,其它的予以撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权(广东、福建两省1987年年底以前设立的除外)。(四)经过国
务院批准的经济技术开发区,只保留一家有进出口经营权的外贸公司,其它的予以撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(五)取消县(含县级市,下同)所属外贸公司进出口经营权(广东、福建两省1987年年底前设立的除外)。个别具备条件的,只经营有出口发展前途的本县特产的第三
类出口商品,确需保留其进出口经营权的公司,须报经贸部批准。(六)各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市以及经济特区所属经营对苏联、东欧等国家易货贸易的外贸公司,允许保留一至二家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消其易货贸易权。(七)经国务院批准开设口岸的边境毗邻县所属
经营边境小额易货贸易的公司,允许保留一家,如口岸县不具备条件,可在口岸上属州(或地区、市)保留一家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消其边境小额易货贸易经营权。
四、未经国务院或经贸部批准设立的国际经济技术合作公司一律撤销。对已经国务院或经贸部批准的国际经济技术合作公司(含与苏联、东欧等国家开展经济技术合作业务的公司),以及扩大对外经济技术合作业务或试点经营第三类出口商品业务的国际经济技术合作公司,各地方、各
部门按照经贸部制定的组建这类公司应具备的七项条件,严格清理整顿后,报经贸部重新审定。
五、要重新核定各级各类外贸公司的业务范围。国家规定的第一类出口商品,由国家指定的外贸、工贸进出口总公司及直属的分公司、子公司按批准的范围经营,并承担国家下达的出口计划和上缴中央外汇任务。其它外贸企业一律不得经营第一类出口商品,如有违反,将其出口收汇全
部没收,上缴中央,并追究领导者的责任。要严格控制外贸企业经营第二类出口商品的业务范围。中央各部门所属的外贸公司按经贸部批准的经营范围经营本系统产品或按批准的经营范围经营第二、三类出口商品;省(自治区、直辖市)属专业外贸公司按核定的经营范围经营第二、三类出
口商品;省(自治区、直辖市)属综合外贸公司保留进出口经营权的地区所属外贸公司以及经济技术开发区的外贸公司,只允许经营第三类出口商品。经营第二、三类商品的各类外贸企业,都要承担中央或地方的出口计划和上缴外汇任务。各级各类外贸企业的进口业务,按照经贸部批准的
进口商品经营范围和现行有关规定执行。
六、各地方、各部门经过这次清理整顿以后保留的对外经贸公司及其经营范围,报经贸部审批;广东、福建两省审批成立的各级各类对外经贸公司经过清理整顿后的撤销、合并方案,也要报经贸部审批。审定保留的对外经贸公司,凭经贸部颁发的审定证书报工商行政管理部门核准,办
理注册登记手续。海南省及各级经济特区的各级各类对外经贸公司,按照有关规定和统一部署进行清理整顿。清理整顿后保留下来的各级各类对外经贸公司,由其对管部门报经贸部备案。如发现有不符合上述规定的公司,经贸部有权撤销,或取消其对外经营权,或调整其经营范围。
七、根据中共中央、国务院有关从国务院到各级政府今后原则上不再直接管理公司的决定,各级各类对外经贸公司和主要经营进出口业务的公司,统一归口由经贸部及各级地方对外经贸主管部门按照国家统一政策,从行业或业务上进行领导和管理。
八、在清理整顿公司工作结束以后,各地方技术比较密集的大中型生产企业和紧密型企业集团自营本企业产品有关的进出口业务,由各地方对外经贸主管部门审批后报经贸部备案;如发现已批准的生产企业或企业集团不具备经营进出口业务条件的,经贸部有权否决。全国性和跨省的企
业集团申请经营进出口业务的,要报经贸部审批。物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类物资公司的意见(略)

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-MISSION OF THE SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, THE MINISTRY OFFOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE MINISTRY OF MATERIALSUPPLIES REGARDING THE FUR
THER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUSTYPES OF COM

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-
MISSION OF THE SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, THE MINISTRY OF
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE MINISTRY OF MATERIAL
SUPPLIES REGARDING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL WHOLESALE COMPANIES, FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND
TRADE COMPANIES, AND MATERIAL SUPPLY COMPANIES
(October 18, 1989)
In accordance with the requirements of the "Decision Concerning the
Further Checking Up and Rectification of Companies" of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, the
suggestions of the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, and the Ministry of Material Supplies Regarding the
Further Checking Up and Rectification of Various Types of Wholesale
Commercial Companies, Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Companies, and
Material Supply Companies, are hereby transmitted to you, and you are
requested to implement accordingly.
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE CONCERNING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP
AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WHOLESALE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
(Omitted)
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE
CONCERNING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE COMPANIES
In accordance with the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of China and the State Council Concerning the Further Checking Up
and Rectification of Companies", and on the basis of the "Circular of the
State Council Concerning the Further Checking Up and Rectification of
Various Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Companies", suggestions are
hereby put forward concerning the further checking up and rectification of
various foreign economic relations and trade companies (hereinafter
referred to as "the foreign trade companies"):

1. Foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types attached
to the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the
Central Government, and municipalities under separate planning
(hereinafter referred to as "the various localities), as well as those
attached to the various departments under the Central Government, must all
conduct the checking up and rectification strictly. Those foreign trade
companies at various levels and of various types that are not in
conformity with the prescribed requirements shall resolutely be abolished
or merged, or their right to handle import and export trade shall be
revoked, strictly in accordance with the provisions of "the Suggestions
Concerning the Abolition or Merger of Companies Attached to the Various
Departments Under the Central Government" put forward by the National
Leading Group for the Checking up and Rectification of Companies. The
emphasis of the checking up and rectification is laid on the foreign trade
companies at various levels and of various types that have been
established since 1988; after the checking up and rectification, if it is
really necessary to retain one or two of them, the case shall be submitted
to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for reexamination
and confirmation strictly in accordance with the six prerequisites for the
establishment of foreign trade enterprises, as prescribed by the aforesaid
Ministry.

2. Foreign trade companies that fall under one of the following
circumstances shall resolutely be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export trade shall be revoked:
(1) companies that do not settle their foreign exchange with the Bank of
China or with other banks designated by the State Administration for
Foreign Exchange Control, and have evaded foreign exchange control
seriously;
(2) companies that have colluded with external businessmen and helped them
purchase export goods directly from the inland or handle export business,
thereby helping them evade foreign exchange control;
(3) companies that have been established in the same department or in the
same region, handling the same or similar business, so they are just
reduplicate setups;
(4) companies that do not have the necessary conditions for handling
foreign trade, or lack external marketing channels for handling export
trade but do so chiefly by entrusting other companies;
(5) the branch offices set up by local foreign trade companies outside the
provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the
Central Government) for handling import and export business.
(6) subcompanies of the second or third rank with the right to handle
import and export trade, established by comprehensive foreign trade
companies attached to various local governments.

3. After the completion of the strict checking up and rectification,
foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types shall be
established in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) With the exception of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, from among the foreign trade companies attached to the various
departments under the Central Government, one company for each of the
aforesaid departments may be retained, depending on their respective
needs; where one or two departments really need(s) to set up companies for
specialized products, the case shall be examined and confirmed by the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade separately; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export business shall be revoked.
(2) From among the comprehensive foreign trade companies attached to
provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the
Central Government), only one or two shall be retained; as to the other
companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to handle
import and export business shall be revoked.
(3) For those localities (including the municipalities at the prefectural
level, the same below) that have already been vested with the right to
handle import and export, business, only one or two companies shall be
retained with their right to handle import and export, on condition that
they meet the actual needs and the prescribed requirements;
as to the other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their
right to handle import and export business shall be revoked (with the
exception of those companies in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces which were
established before the end of 1987).

(4) For those economic and technological development zones that have been
approved by the State Council, only one foreign trade company with the
right to handle import and export business shall be retained; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export business shall be revoked.
(5) The right to handle import and export trade of those foreign trade
companies attached to the counties (including municipalities at the county
level, the same below) shall be revoked (with the exception of those
companies in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces which were established before
the end of 1987). As to one or two special cases where the foreign trade
companies meet the prescribed requirements and handle only the local
specialties of their counties, that is, the third category of export
commodities promising a bright prospect of export sales, and thus it is
necessary to retain their right to handle import and export business, such
cases shall be submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade for approval.
(6) From among the foreign trade companies, attached to various provinces,
autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government,
municipalities under separate planning, and special economic zones that
handle barter transactions with the Soviet Union and the East European
countries, only one or two companies shall be retained; as to the other
companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to handle
import or export business shall be revoked.
(7) From among the trading companies, attached to counties adjacent to
border ports which are established with the approval of the State Council
and handle petty barter trade in the border areas, only one company shall
be retained for each of the aforesaid counties; where a port county does
not meet the prescribed requirements, a trading company at the region (or
prefecture, municipality) level, over the port may be retained; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle petty barter trade in the border areas shall be revoked.

4. All international economic and technological cooperation companies
established without the approval by the State Council or by the Ministry
of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall all be abolished. With
respect to those international economic and technological cooperation
companies (including those companies which handle economic and
technological cooperation business with the Soviet Union and the East
European countries that have been approved by the State Council or by the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and those international
economic and technological cooperation companies that engage in the
expansion of business contacts for external economic and technological
cooperation or in the trial management of the exportation of export
commodities of the third category, all the localities and departments
shall, in accordance with the seven prerequisites for the establishment of
companies of the aforesaid type as formulated by the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade, carry out a strict checking up and
rectification on the aforesaid companies, and then submit the cases to the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for re-examination and
confirmation.

5. It is necessary to re-verify and confirm the business scope of foreign
trade companies at various levels and of various types.
The first category of export commodities, as prescribed by the State,
shall be handled by the national foreign trade corporations, or the
national industry and trade import and export corporations as well as by
their branch offices and subsidiaries in accordance with the approved
business scope, and the aforesaid corporations shall also undertake to
fulfil the export plan transmitted by the State, and the tasks to turn
over a definite amount of foreign exchange earnings to the Central
Government. All the other foreign trade companies are not permitted to
handle export commodities of the first category; where the aforesaid
provisions are violated, the foreign exchange earnings obtained shall all
be confiscated and be turned over to the Central Government, and the
responsibilities of the persons in charge shall be investigated. A strict
control should be exercised over the business scope of foreign trade
companies for handling export commodities of the second category. The
foreign trade companies attached to various departments under the Central
Government shall handle products of their own industries in accordance
with the business scope approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, or handle export commodities of the second or third
category in accordance with the approved business scope; the specialized
foreign trade companies attached to provinces (autonomous regions,
municipalities directly under the Central Government) shall handle export
commodities of the second or third category in accordance with the
appraised and confirmed business scope; as to those comprehensive foreign
trade companies attached to provinces (autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government), the foreign trade
companies that are attached to prefectures and have retained their right
to handle import and export business, and the foreign trade companies in
the economic and technological development zones, they shall be permitted
to handle only export commodities of the third category. The various
categories of foreign trade companies that handle export commodities of
the second and third categories shall all undertake to fulfil the export
plans and the tasks to turn over a definite amount of foreign exchange
earnings to the Central Government or to the local governments. The import
business of foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types
shall be handled in accordance with the business scope of import
commodities approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and also with the existing pertinent provisions.

6. The foreign trade companies with their business scope, which are
attached to various localities and various government organs and have been
retained after the checking up and rectification, shall be submitted to
the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for examination and
approval; with respect to the foreign trade companies at various levels
and of various types in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces that were
established after examination and approval, the framework for the
abolishment and merger of these companies formulated in the process of the
checking up and rectification shall also be submitted to the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for examination and approval. The
foreign trade companies that have been retained after verification and
confirmation shall present the examination and confirmation certificate
issued by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade to the
administrative departments for industry and commerce for examination and
approval, and then go through the procedures for registration.
The foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types located
in Hainan Province and in the special economic zones shall be checked up
and rectified in accordance with the pertinent provisions and the unified
arrangement. The foreign trade companies at various levels and of various
types have been retained after the checking up and rectification shall be
submitted by their respective competent departments for foreign economic
relations and trade to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade for the record.
In the event that a company has been discovered not in conformity with the
aforesaid provisions, the Ministry of Foreign Relations and Trade has the
right to abolish it, or revoke its right to handle external business, or
to readjust its business scope.

7. In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China and the State Council that henceforth government
organs from the State Council down to the people's governments at various
levels shall, in principle, not directly manage any companies, foreign
trade companies at various levels and of various types as well as
companies that chiefly handle import and export business shall all be
placed under the leadership and administration, in their line of industry
and business operations, by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and by the local competent departments for foreign economic
relations and trade in accordance with the unified policies formulated by
the State.

8. After the completion of the checking up and rectification, the import
and export business related to their own products, as conducted by large-
and medium-sized technology-intensive production enterprises and
conglomerates of the closely-knit type, shall be examined and approved by
the local competent departments for foreign economic relations and trade,
and then submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
for the record; in the event that a production enterprise or conglomerate
is discovered to be short of the prescribed qualifications for handling
import and export business, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade has the right to overrule it. An application, which is filed by a
national or transprovincial conglomerate for handling import and export
business, shall be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF MATERIAL SUPPLIES CONCERNING THE FURTHER
CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MATERIAL SUPPLY
COMPANIES
(Omitted)



1989年10月18日
         生命不能承受之重
           ——传道受教与体罚、变相体罚、虐待、伤害行为之辩证

          张浠娟(福建力华律师事务所)


【关键词】未成年人 体罚 变相体罚 虐待 伤害


传道受教中存在的体罚、变相体罚、虐待、伤害现象

十月份以来,各网站纷纷针对温岭虐童事件及配发照片展开了“虐童行为”与“虐待罪”的讨论。

一谈及教育、学校就会想起希望工程的“大眼睛女孩”,一方面教育倾注了受教人、家庭、社会的希望,另一方面教育中存在的变相体罚、虐待又践踏着这一希望:10月15日,太原市蓝天蒙特梭利幼儿园老师10分钟内连续抽打幼童70个耳光。10月24日,浙江温岭幼儿园老师揪住幼童双耳向上提。10月27日,家长去山东东营海培金色摇篮幼儿园调录像获知幼儿园教师针扎多名幼童。10月28日,苏州网友曝光幼儿园孩子的眼睛和嘴都被不透明胶带封住。

系列报道中,幼儿园的孩子们承受着体罚、变相体罚、虐待,即使是这些行为频繁加著于自己身上,发生在眼前、身边,孩子们直到事件被公开了才在亲人的催问下说出幼儿园的受罚生活。

传道受教对体罚的需求

在进入社会之前未成年人与社会达成一个契约,即如何适应社会以扮演其在社会中自选或委派的角色,作为普适的公平原则未成年人通过幼、小、初、高、大等教育机构完成进入社会之前的训导,从而获得进入社会的资质。此外,作为受教的途径还有家庭、培训机构、社会,这里所讨论的传道受教即包含上述各类情形。

为了完成训导目的,作为其权威的象征对受教者实行体罚确有其存在的必要。徐昕教授在《为什么禁而不止——体罚与规训的法经济学视角》中分析,基于两个悖论,教育实践对体罚存在一定的需求:一是在禁止私人行使人身惩罚的同时,将未成年人规训成符合国家要求的公民这一重任委以私人——家长和老师来承担。二是国家禁止老师体罚学生,但在教育资源有限和家长顾及工作的情形下,老师和家长都很难投入更多精力围着一部分违反纪律、学习跟不上的未成年人,而且诉诸没有体罚为后盾的教育来促使未成年人遵守纪律,更接近于一个乌托邦。(具体内容参见[1])

这就解答了前面所提到的孩子们在幼儿园里不仅承受着变相体罚、虐待,而且默认、接受这种现象发生在身边。不可忽视的另一方面,普通存在的家庭暴力也促使未成年在心理上习得教育机构等传道受教中的此类体罚、变相体罚、虐待、伤害行为模式。

体罚、变相体罚、虐待、伤害行为模式探讨

可以说“受罚”已成为受教者的一种亲身经历,不论是作为受罚者还是作为旁观者。在教育机构中教师对学生实行体罚,一是规训受罚学生,二是以儆效尤。如果体罚能够直接达到规训学生效果的,则验证了体罚这种手段的实用性,反之,如果体罚未能见效,则教师通常加重体罚,延长体罚时间、责打行为升级、上报学校、加重忽视排斥力度、迫使学生退学等等。

如此一来,体罚成为传道受教中的常规手段并逐步替代其他教育方式,而且在目前家庭、社会对体罚在一定程度上的默认,从教育机构内部至外部都对体罚缺少一种有效的监督。因此,在长期实行体罚的过程中,教师在心理上也易于疏于事前查明再行体罚,学校在处分学生时也会存在违反工作要求、操作规程的现象,以致伤害既成事实,甚至酿成悲剧。

例如最高人民法院的案例指导《李某、宋某诉青海某中学人身损害赔偿纠纷案》,2005年11月8日下午,李某参加青海某中学组织的考试,监考老师认定李某作弊。次日上午,青海某中学相关部门作出对李某记过处分的决定,并将处分决定张贴于校园公示栏内,同日李某在家中自缢身亡。二审法院认为,青海某中学在处分李某前既未对李某本人进行调查核实,也未将处分决定报校务会批准。因其工作方法简单草率,违反了青海某中学自行制定的工作要求,且没有按照规定将处分决定及时通知李某家长,使得熟悉了解李某个人情况的家长没有机会及时进行引导和教育,丧失了避免悲剧发生的可能。故青海某中学违反工作程序的处分行为与李某的死亡具有一定的因果关系。

在体罚升级和缺少内外监督的情况下,变相体罚、虐待、暴力伤害等等也就成为不可避免的现象,即使是事后对温岭虐童事件中的教师、幼儿园进行追究处理,也不能有效地预防此类事件,从温岭虐童事件之后相关事件的连续报道中也可知现实如此。

正如法社会学和法律人类学领域内公认的大家——尤根•埃利希与马林诺夫斯基所言,法律存在于人们在社会群体内的常规化行为模式之中,同时也是由这些行为模式组成[2]。人之初的行为模式、德育培养和熏陶始于家庭成于社会,在身体力行的实践中得到进一步完善和矫治,传道受教中的体罚、变相体罚、虐待、伤害行为一旦成为常规化的行为模式,受教者从中不知不觉地接受了这种观念,体罚、变相体罚、虐待、家庭虐待、家庭暴力——“打是亲,骂是爱”的行为模式也就这样一代接着一代传了下去。

施教者实行体罚、变相体罚、虐待的法律责任

未成年人在受到体罚、变相体罚、虐待的过程中,除了健康权、身体权、人身自由权受到侵犯以外,其人格尊严权也不容忽视,虽然“公民的人格尊严不受侵犯”被写入宪法第三十八条,但是未成年人的“人格尊严”在强势的教育权威下仍会受到扭曲。

作为承担主要教育任务的教育机构及教师通常承担哪些责任?杨连专教授在《体罚学生中的法律问题研究》中将体罚学生所承担的法律责任根据情况分为以下三类:(一)民事责任:1、一般性体罚,属于普通过错的,应归为法人侵权,由学校承担责任,体罚学生只不过是一种不当的管理学生方式。2、一般性体罚,属于共同过错的,应由学校与加害人按过错大小分别承担责任,学校承担连带责任。3、一般性体罚,属于混合过错的,应由学校、加害人和受害人按过错大小分别承担责。(二)严重的体罚,构成故意或过失伤害罪的,行为人承担刑事责任,学校承担连带民事责。(三)体罚行为人承担行政责任。(具体内容参见[3])

正因传道受教本身对体罚的需求,纵观《宪法》、《未成年人保护法》、《义务教育法》、《教师法》、《学生伤害事故处理办法》、《刑法》,对于承担主要教育任务的学校和教师,也只明文禁止学校和教师对学生实行体罚,此间存在的虐待行为并不构成《刑法》第二百六十条虐待罪,相关法规中通常表述为“构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任”。对于承担部分教育任务的家庭,如果虐待家庭成员的构成《刑法》第二百六十条虐待罪,也就是说,虐待罪仅限于家庭成员之间。

未成年人的教育、保护和发展规划与传道受教的监督自律体系

费先生在《文化论》译序中道出“行远者储粮,谋大者育才”,育才是由家庭、家长、教育机构、教师、社会共同承担的过程,因此,建立并完善教育机构内部的监督自律体系,以及由学生、家长、家庭、社会构成的外部监督体系,通过未成年人保护协会、地方社会团体、未成年人自救自助组织、未成年人心理辅导站等多种形式,以平衡传道受教对体罚的需求与体罚升级的不可预见性,从而实现国家层面上的未成人教育、保护与儿童发展规划。

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